Combined vitamins D3 and K2 as potential modulators of multiple myeloma cell pathophysiology: transcriptomic and epigenetic effects under standard culture and bone marrow-like conditions

Introduction

Multiple myeloma is an incurable hematological malignancy that requires extensive research to understand its biology and identify novel therapeutic strategies. Hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment affects numerous biological processes, including enhancing cellular stress resistance, promoting angiogenesis, shifting metabolism toward anaerobic glycolysis, and modulating gene expression and epigenetic modifications.