Beyond Implant Design: Surgical Principles and Early Outcomes of Patient-Specific Scapular Reconstruction After Total Scapulectomy

Background/Objectives: Total scapulectomy for malignant scapular tumors remains a major reconstructive challenge because resection removes the osseous framework, muscular insertions, and biomechanical support required for shoulder function. Patient-specific three-dimensional (3D)-printed implants may improve anatomical reconstruction, but the indications and surgical principles underlying successful total scapular replacement remain poorly defined.