A Habitat Imaging-Based Radiomics and Deep Learning Fusion for Preoperative Prediction of Lymphovascular Invasion in Invasive Breast Cancer: A Multicenter Study

Background

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a critical prognostic factor in invasive breast cancer; however, reliable preoperative prediction remains challenging because of the lack of non-invasive and accurate assessment tools. Ultrasound-based radiomics and deep learning have shown promise, but conventional single-modality approaches often fail to capture intratumoral heterogeneity, thereby limiting their predictive performance and clinical interpretability.