Combined Effects of ATRA and ASA on HeLa Cell Viability, MAPK/AKT-Related Protein Abundance, and Intracellular VEGF: An Integrated In Vitro and In Silico Study

Background/Objectives: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; aspirin) have been reported to influence cancer-associated signaling through distinct molecular mechanisms, but their combined effects on cervical cancer cells remain incompletely characterized. This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of ATRA and ASA on HeLa human cervical cancer cells and used computational analyses as supportive, hypothesis-generating mechanistic contextualization.