Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Exploratory Psychometric Evaluation of the Bilingual Cervical Cancer Screening Health Belief Model Scale (CCS-HBMS) in Kazakhstan

Background

Cervical cancer remains an important preventable cause of morbidity and mortality among women in Kazakhstan. Reliable assessment of beliefs related to cervical cancer screening requires instruments that are linguistically and culturally appropriate for the target population. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt the CCS-HBMS for bilingual Kazakh–Russian administration and to evaluate the preliminary psychometric properties of this bilingual administration format.