Repeat Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: CFA/DOA-Guided Substrate Ablation Versus Re-PVI Alone in the Prematurely Terminated Randomized AF-CAM Trial

Background and Aims: Currently, no standard approach exists for substrate ablation in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to assess whether repeat pulmonary vein isolation (Re-PVI) plus targeted substrate ablation improves long-term outcomes compared with Re-PVI alone in patients with persistent AF undergoing a second ablation.

Methods