The physical and psychosocial effects of walking sports in older adults: a scoping review

Abstract Introduction Walking sports are emerging as an effective option to increase engagement in physical activity for older adults. Despite increasing participation, available literature on the physical and psychosocial effects of walking sports for older populations is limited. Objective This scoping review aims to map and synthesise evidence on the physical and psychosocial outcomes associated with walking sports participation in older adults. Methods Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a systematic search was completed across MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL using search constructs relating to older adults and walking sports. Data extraction outcomes were grouped by their relevant physical and psychosocial health outcome and reported descriptively. Results Twelve studies were included, with varying study designs. Walking football was investigated most frequently (n = 9), followed by walking sports generally (n = 2), and walking netball (n = 1). Researchers reported consistent functional improvements, with some researchers reporting improvements in physical domains, including cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiometabolic health, body composition, muscular strength and balance. Regarding psychosocial outcomes, consistent improvements were reported in perceived mental health, affect, confidence, social connection, belonging, and loneliness. However, there were occasional reports of negative psychosocial experiences due to competitiveness or poor sportsmanship. Conclusion Despite heterogeneity in study methodological and intervention designs, walking sports participation may promote positive physical and psychosocial health outcomes in older adults. However, some variability in physical health outcomes was evident across different methodological approaches and appear potentially influenced by intervention duration. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings and support walking sports participation within public health strategies. Clinical trial number Not applicable