Epigenetic patterns and methylation-based models for robust outcome prediction in osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OSA) is an aggressive bone malignancy primarily affecting children and young adults. Survival has remained unchanged for at least three decades, and no robust molecular prognostic factors have emerged that might help improve this outcome. Complex genomic architecture and genetic heterogeneity of OSA have constrained identification and validation of such molecular predictors. Recent work has shown that DNA methylation is associated with outcome, yet clinically applicable models building on these findings have not been developed. To address this unmet need, we developed and validated region-based methylation models for individualized risk prognostication and treatment response prediction at the time of diagnosis. These findings were further contextualized through an unsupervised exploration of methylation features, showing that widespread global hypermethylation was associated with unfavorable outcomes. The prognostic effect of methylation was independent of known confounding factors. Additionally, an examination of methylation-derived epigenetic age provided orthogonal information with significant association to outcome. Finally, clustering phenotypes were compared between methylation and several other genomic layers (mRNA, miRNA, and copy number variation) and showed little overlap with one another. Together, these findings establish a foundation for unique methylation-based outcome stratification at the time of diagnosis and underscore the need for continued investigation toward clinical application.