XANAX XR is indicated for the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, in adults. XANAX XR is a benzodiazepine indicated for the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, in adults. ( 1 )
Contraindications
XANAX XR is contraindicated in patients:
with known hypersensitivity to alprazolam or other benzodiazepines. Angioedema has been reported [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) ] .
taking strong cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole), except ritonavir [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) , Warnings and Precautions (5.5) , Drug Interactions (7.1) ] .
Known hypersensitivity to alprazolam or other benzodiazepines. ( 4 )
Concomitant use with strong cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inhibitors, except ritonavir. ( 4 , 5.5 , 7.1 )
Warnings and precautions
Effects on Driving and Operating Machinery: Patients receiving XANAX XR should be cautioned against operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle, as well as avoiding concomitant use of alcohol and other central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs. ( 5.4 )
Patients with Depression: Exercise caution in patients with signs or symptoms of depression. Prescribe the least number of tablets feasible to avoid intentional overdosage. ( 5.6 )
Neonatal Sedation and Withdrawal Syndrome: XANAX XR use during pregnancy can result in neonatal sedation and/or neonatal withdrawal. ( 5.8 , 8.1 )
5.1Risks from Concomitant Use with Opioids
Concomitant use of benzodiazepines, including XANAX XR, and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Because of these risks, reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioids alone.
If a decision is made to prescribe XANAX XR concomitantly with opioids, prescribe the lowest effective dosages and minimum durations of concomitant use, and follow patients closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. In patients already receiving an opioid analgesic, prescribe a lower initial dose of XANAX XR than indicated in the absence of an opioid and titrate based on clinical response.
If an opioid is initiated in a patient already taking XANAX XR, prescribe a lower initial dose of the opioid and titrate based upon clinical response. Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation when XANAX XR is used with opioids. Advise patients not to drive or operate heavy machinery until the effects of concomitant use with the opioid have been determined [see Drug Interactions (7.1) ] .
5.2Abuse, Misuse, and Addiction
The use of benzodiazepines, including XANAX XR, exposes users to the risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose or death. Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines often (but not always) involve the use of doses greater than the maximum recommended dosage and commonly involve concomitant use of other medications, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes, including respiratory depression, overdose, or death [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.2) ] .
Before prescribing XANAX XR and throughout treatment, assess each patient’s risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction (e.g., using a standardized screening tool). Use of XANAX XR, particularly in patients at elevated risk, necessitates counseling about the risks and proper use of XANAX XR along with monitoring for signs and symptoms of abuse, misuse, and addiction. Prescribe the lowest effective dosage; avoid or minimize concomitant use of CNS depressants and other substances associated with abuse, misuse, and addiction (e.g., opioid analgesics, stimulants); and advise patients on the proper disposal of unused drug.
If a substance use disorder is suspected, evaluate the patient and institute (or refer them for) early treatment, as appropriate.
5.3Dependence and Withdrawal Reactions
To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue XANAX XR or reduce the dosage (a patient-specific plan should be used to taper the dose) [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ] . Patients at an increased risk of withdrawal adverse reactions after benzodiazepine discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction include those who take higher dosages, and those who have had longer durations of use.
Acute Withdrawal Reactions The continued use of benzodiazepines, including XANAX XR, may lead to clinically significant physical dependence. Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of XANAX XR after continued use, or administration of flumazenil (a benzodiazepine antagonist) may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, which can be life-threatening (e.g., seizures) [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3) ] . Protracted Withdrawal Syndrome In some cases, benzodiazepine users have developed a protracted withdrawal syndrome with withdrawal symptoms lasting weeks to more than 12 months [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3) ] .
Certain adverse clinical events, some life-threatening, are a direct consequence of physical dependence to XANAX XR. These include a spectrum of withdrawal symptoms; the most important is seizure [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3) ] . Even after relatively short-term use at doses of ≤ 4 mg/day, there is some risk of dependence. Spontaneous reporting system data suggest that the risk of dependence and its severity appear to be greater in patients treated with doses greater than 4 mg/day and for long periods (more than 12 weeks).
However, in a controlled postmarketing discontinuation study of panic disorder patients who received XANAX, the duration of treatment (3 months compared to 6 months) had no effect on the ability of patients to taper to zero dose. In contrast, patients treated with doses of XANAX greater than 4 mg/day had more difficulty tapering to zero dose than those treated with less than 4 mg/day. In a controlled clinical trial in which 63 patients were randomized to XANAX and where withdrawal symptoms were specifically sought, the following were identified as symptoms of withdrawal: heightened sensory perception, impaired concentration, dysosmia, clouded sensorium, paresthesias, muscle cramps, muscle twitch, diarrhea, blurred vision, appetite decrease, and weight loss.
Other symptoms, such as anxiety and insomnia, were frequently seen during discontinuation, but it could not be determined if they were due to return of illness, rebound, or withdrawal. Interdose Symptoms Early morning anxiety and emergence of anxiety symptoms between doses of XANAX have been reported in patients with panic disorder taking prescribed maintenance doses. These symptoms may reflect the development of tolerance or a time interval between doses which is longer than the duration of clinical action of the administered dose.
In either case, it is presumed that the prescribed dose is not sufficient to maintain plasma levels above those needed to prevent relapse, rebound, or withdrawal symptoms over the entire course of the interdosing interval.
5.4Effects on Driving and Operating Machinery Because
of its CNS depressant effects, patients receiving XANAX XR should be cautioned against engaging in hazardous occupations or activities requiring complete mental alertness such as operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle. For the same reason, patients should be cautioned about the concomitant use of alcohol and other CNS depressant drugs during treatment with XANAX XR [see Drug Interactions (7.1) ] .
5.5 Interaction with Drugs that Inhibit Metabolism via Cytochrome P450 3A The initial step in alprazolam metabolism is hydroxylation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). Drugs that inhibit this metabolic pathway may have a profound effect on the clearance of alprazolam. Strong CYP3A Inhibitors XANAX XR is contraindicated in patients receiving strong inhibitors of CYP3A such as azole antifungal agents [see Contraindications (4) ] .
Ketoconazole and itraconazole have been shown in vivo to increase plasma alprazolam concentrations 3.98 fold and 2.70 fold, respectively. Dosage adjustment is necessary when XANAX XR and ritonavir are initiated concomitantly or when ritonavir is added to a stable dosage of XANAX XR [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) , Drug Interactions (7.1) ] . Drugs demonstrated to be CYP3A inhibitors on the basis of clinical studies involving alprazolam: nefazodone, fluvoxamine, and cimetidine [see Drug Interaction (7.1) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] .
Use caution and consider dose reduction of XANAX XR, as appropriate, during
Our copy of this section ends here. The full text is in the official label at the FDA. Open Drugs@FDA
Interactions
Use with Opioids: Increase the risk of respiratory depression. ( 7.1 )
Use with Other CNS Depressants: Produces additive CNS depressant effects. ( 7.1 )
Use with Digoxin: Increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. ( 7.1 )
Use with CYP3A Inhibitors (except ritonavir): Increase the risk of adverse reactions of alprazolam. ( 4 , 5.5 , 7.1 )
Use with CYP3A Inducers: Increase the risk of reduced efficacy of alprazolam. ( 7.1 )
7.1Drugs Having Clinically Important Interactions with
XANAX XR Table 4 includes clinically significant drug interactions with XANAX XR [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Table 4: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with XANAX XR Opioids Clinical implication The concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids increases the risk of respiratory depression because of actions at different receptor sites in the CNS that control respiration. Benzodiazepines interact at gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) sites and opioids interact primarily at mu receptors.
When benzodiazepines and opioids are combined, the potential for benzodiazepines to significantly worsen opioid-related respiratory depression exists. Prevention or management Limit dosage and duration of concomitant use of XANAX XR and opioids, and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . Examples Morphine, buprenorphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, alfentanil, butorphanol, codeine, dihydrocodeine, meperidine, pentazocine, remifentanil, sufentanil, tapentadol, tramadol.
CNS Depressants Clinical implication The benzodiazepines, including alprazolam, produce additive CNS depressant effects when coadministered with other CNS depressants. Prevention or management Limit dosage and duration of XANAX XR during concomitant use with CNS depressants [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] . Examples Psychotropic medications, anticonvulsants, antihistaminics, ethanol, and other drugs which themselves produce CNS depression.
Strong Inhibitors of CYP3A (except ritonavir) Clinical implication Concomitant use of XANAX XR with strong CYP3A inhibitors has a profound effect on the clearance of alprazolam, resulting in increased concentrations of alprazolam and increased risk of adverse reactions [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Prevention or management Concomitant use of XANAX XR with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (except ritonavir) is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] .
Examples Ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin Moderate or Weak Inhibitors of CYP3A Clinical implication Concomitant use of XANAX XR with CYP3A inhibitors may increase the concentrations of XANAX XR, resulting in increased risk of adverse reactions [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Prevention or management Avoid use and consider appropriate dose reduction when XANAX XR is coadministered with a moderate or weak CYP3A inhibitor [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] .
Examples Nefazodone, fluvoxamine, cimetidine, erythromycin CYP3A Inducers Clinical implication Concomitant use of CYP3A inducers can increase alprazolam metabolism and therefore can decease plasma levels of alprazolam [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Prevention or management Caution is recommended during coadministration with alprazolam. Examples Carbamazepine, phenytoin Ritonavir Clinical implication Interactions involving ritonavir and alprazolam are complex and time dependent.
Short term administration of ritonavir increased alprazolam exposure due to CYP3A4 inhibition. Following long term treatment of ritonavir (> 10-14 days), CYP3A4 induction offsets this inhibition. Alprazolam exposure was not meaningfully affected in the presence of ritonavir. Prevention or management Reduce XANAX XR dose when a patient is initiated with ritonavir and XANAX XR concomitantly, or when ritonavir is added to a regimen where XANAX XR is stabilized.
Increase XANAX XR dosage to the target dosage after 10 to 14 days of dosing ritonavir and XANAX XR concomitantly. No dosage adjustment of XANXR XR is necessary in patients receiving ritonavir for more than 10 to 14 days [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) ] . Concomitant use of XANAX XR with a strong CYP3A inhibitor, except ritonavir, is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] .
Digoxin Clinical implication Increased digoxin concentrations have been reported when alprazolam was given, especially in geriatric patients (>65 years of age). Prevention or management In patients on digoxin therapy, measure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating XANAX XR. Continue monitoring digoxin serum concentration and toxicity frequently. Reduce the digoxin dose if necessary.
7.2Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Although interactions between benzodiazepines and commonly employed clinical laboratory tests have occasionally been reported, there is no consistent pattern for a specific drug or specific test.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
8.1Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure Registry
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to psychiatric medications, including XANAX XR, during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications at 1-866-961-2388 or visiting online at https://womensmentalhealth.org/pregnancyregistry/. Risk Summary Neonates born to mothers using benzodiazepines late in pregnancy have been reported to experience symptoms of sedation and/or neonatal withdrawal [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) , and Clinical Considerations ] .
Available data from published observational studies of pregnant women exposed to benzodiazepines do not report a clear association with benzodiazepines and major birth defects (see Data ) . The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated risk of major birth defects and of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
Clinical Considerations Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions Benzodiazepines cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression, hypotonia, and sedation in neonates. Monitor neonates exposed to XANAX XR during pregnancy or labor for signs of sedation, respiratory depression, hypotonia, and feeding problems. Monitor neonates exposed to XANAX XR during pregnancy for signs of withdrawal. Manage these neonates accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] .
Data Human Data Published data from observational studies on the use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy do not report a clear association with benzodiazepines and major birth defects. Although early studies reported an increased risk of congenital malformations with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, there was no consistent pattern noted. In addition, the majority of recent case-control and cohort studies of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy, which were adjusted for confounding exposures to alcohol, tobacco, and other medications, have not confirmed these findings.
Adverse reactions
The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling:
Risks from Concomitant Use with Opioids [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]
Abuse, Misuse, and Addiction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]
Dependence and Withdrawal Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]
Effects on Driving and Operating Machinery [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ]
Patients with Depression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ]
Neonatal Sedation and Withdrawal Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ]
Risks in Patients with Impaired Respiratory Function [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) ] The most common adverse reactions in panic disorder patients treated with XANAX XR (incidence of ≥ 5% and at least twice that of placebo) include: somnolence, memory impairment, dysarthria, coordination abnormal, ataxia, libido decreased, constipation, and nausea. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Viatris at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
6.1Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The information included in the section on Adverse Reactions Observed in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials with XANAX XR is based on pooled data of five 6- and 8-week placebo-controlled clinical studies in panic disorder.
Adverse Reactions Observed in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials of XANAX XR Adverse Reactions Reported as Reasons for Discontinuation of Treatment in Placebo-Controlled Trials Approximately 17% of the 531 patients who received XANAX XR in placebo-controlled clinical trials for panic disorder had at least 1 adverse event that led to discontinuation compared to 8% of 349 placebo-treated patients. The most common events leading to discontinuation and considered to be drug-related (i.e., leading to discontinuation in at least 1% of the patients treated with XANAX XR at a rate at least twice that of placebo) are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation in ≥1% of XANAX XR-Treated Patients and at Least Twice the Rate of Placebo-Treated Patients in Placebo-Controlled Trials n=number of patients Percentage of Patients Discontinuing Due to Adverse Reactions XANAX XR (n=531) Placebo (n=349) Nervous system disorders Sedation Somnolence Dysarthria Coordination abnormal Memory impairment 7.5 3.2 2.1 1.9 1.5 0.6 0.3 0 0.3
0.3 General disorders/administration site conditions Fatigue 1.7
0.6 Psychiatric disorders Depression 2.5
1.2Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 1% or More Among Patients Treated with
XANAX XR Table 2 shows the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred during 6- and 8-week placebo-controlled trials in 1% or more of patients treated with XANAX XR where the incidence in patients treated with XANAX XR was greater than the incidence in placebo-treated patients. The most commonly observed adverse reactions in panic disorder patients treated with XANAX XR (incidence of 5% or greater and at least twice the incidence in placebo patients) were: sedation, somnolence, memory impairment, dysarthria, coordination abnormal, ataxia, libido decreased.
Table 2: Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 1% in XANAX-Treated Patients and Greater than Placebo-Treated Patients in 6- and 8-Week Placebo-Controlled Trials Panic Disorder XANAX XR (n=531) Placebo (n=349) Nervous system disorders Sedation Somnolence Memory impairment Dysarthria Coordination abnormal Mental impairment Ataxia Disturbance in attention Balance impaired Dyskinesia Hypoesthesia Hypersomnia 45% 23% 15% 11% 9% 7% 7% 3% 3% 2% 1% 1% 23% 6% 7% 3% 1% 6% 3% 1% 1% 1% <1% 0% General disorders/administration site conditions Fatigue Lethargy 14% 2% 9% 1% Psychiatric disorders Depression Libido decreased Disorientation Confusion Depressed mood 12% 6% 2% 2% 1% 9% 2% 0% 1% <1% Metabolism and nutrition disorders Appetite increased Anorexia 7% 2% 6% 0% Gastrointestinal disorders Constipation Nausea 8% 6% 4% 3% Investigations Weight increased 5 4 Injury, poisoning, and procedural complications Road traffic accident 2% 0% Reproductive system and breast disorders Dysmenorrhea Sexual dysfunction 4% 2% 3% 1% Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder Arthralgia Myalgia Pain in limb 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0% Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders Dyspnea 2% 0% Other Adverse Reactions Observed During the Premarketing Evaluation of XANAX XR Following is a list of other adverse reaction reported by 531 patients with panic disorder treated with XANAX XR.
Adverse reactions are further categorized by body system and listed in order of decreasing frequency according to the following definitions: those occurring in at least 1/100 patients (frequent); those occurring in less than 1/100 patients but at least 1/1000 patients (infrequent); those occurring in fewer than 1/1000 patients (rare). Cardiac disorders: Frequent: palpitation; Infrequent: sinus tachycardia Ear and labyrinth disorders: Frequent: vertigo; Infrequent: tinnitus, ear pain Eye disorders: Frequent: blurred vision; Infrequent: mydriasis, photophobia Gastrointestinal disorders: Frequent: diarrhea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain; Infrequent: dysphagia, salivary hypersecretion General disorders and administration site conditions: Frequent: malaise, weakness, chest pains; Infrequent: fall, pyrexia, thirst, feeling hot and cold, edema, feeling jittery, sluggishness, asthenia, feeling drunk, chest tightness, increased energy, feeling of relaxation, hangover, loss of control of legs, rigors Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: Frequent: back pain, muscle cramps, muscle twitching Nervous system disorders: Frequent: headache, dizziness, tremor; Infrequent: amnesia, clumsiness, syncope, hypotonia, seizures, depressed level of consciousness, sleep apnea syndrome, sleep talking, stupor Psychiatric system disorders: Frequent: irritability, insomnia, nervousness, derealization, libido increased, restlessness, agitation, depersonalization, nightmare; Infrequent: abnormal dreams, apathy, aggression, anger, bradyphrenia, euphoric mood, logorrhea, mood swings, dysphonia, hallucination, homicidal ideation, mania, hypomania, impulse control, psychomotor retardation, suicidal ideation Renal and urinary disorders: Frequent: difficulty in micturition; Infrequent: urinary frequency, urinary incontinence Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders: Frequent: nasal congestion, hyperventilation; Infrequent: choking sensation, epistaxis, rhinorrhea Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Frequent: sweating increased; Infrequent: clamminess, rash, urticaria Vascular disorders: Infrequent: hypotension Discontinuation-Emergent Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 5% or More Among Patients Treated with XANAX XR Table 3 shows the incidence of discontinuation-emergent adverse reactions that occurred during short-term, placebo-controlled trials in 5% or more of patients treated with XANAX XR where the incidence in patients treated with XANAX XR was 2 times greater than the incidence in placebo-treated patients.
Prognia shows this product information for reference and learning. It is not treatment advice and can lag behind the official text. Always check the current product information and local protocols before prescribing.
Table 3: Discontinuation-Emergent Symptom Incidence Reported in ≥5% of XANAX XR-Treated Patients and at Least Twice the Rate of Placebo-Treated Patients in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials XANAX XR n=422 (%) Placebo n=261(%) Nervous system disorders Tremor Headache Hypoesthesia Paresthesia 28.2 26.5 7.8 7.1 10.7 12.6 2.3
