Cytokine Concentrations in Seminal Plasma and Blood in HIV Infection: Differential Modulation by Antiretroviral Therapy and Association with HIV RNA Levels and CD4+T Cell Count

Background and objectives: The complex cytokine network in seminal fluid during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate inflammatory cytokine levels in the semen of individuals with chronic HIV infection and assess the effects of antiretroviral therapy ART on cytokine networks.