VISTA Confers Renal Protection in Murine Hemorrhage/Infection-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: Associations with Altered NGAL and HMGB1 Expression

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a serious complication associated with both short- and long-term morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Severe trauma complicated by infection represents a high‑risk clinical trigger for AKI. V‑domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T‑cell activation (VISTA) is an immune‑checkpoint molecule with immunomodulatory functions, yet its role in trauma‑sepsis‑induced AKI remains incompletely defined.