Occupational cadmium exposure and endocrine biomarker alterations in male workers: a cross-sectional study

Background

Occupational exposure to cadmium (Cd) remains an important environmental health concern, particularly in industrial settings where long-term exposure may affect multiple physiological systems. Although Cd has been linked to reproductive and cardiovascular toxicity, human studies that simultaneously evaluate biomarkers of endocrine and endothelial dysfunction remain limited. This cross-sectional study examined the association between occupational Cd exposure and hormonal and endothelial biomarkers in adult male workers.