Co-occurring scalp arteriovenous malformation and dural arteriovenous fistula with diploic vein involvement: illustrative case

Background: Scalp arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with co-occurring dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are a rare combination of vascular pathologies. The additional presence of diploic veins has not yet been documented in the literature. The authors present the first such case and its clinical management accompanied by a review of reported concomitant scalp AVMs and dAVFs in the literature.

Observations: A young woman presenting with a large scalp deformity, diplopia, visual decline, and recurrent epistaxis was found to have a co-occurring scalp AVM and dAVF with diploic vein involvement. Combined endovascular therapy and open resection permitted safe removal of the scalp AVM and obliteration of the dAVF. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 6 without complication.