Cardiovascular-Cognitive Associations During Physiological Challenges in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Background

Cognitive impairment, particularly reduced information processing speed (IPS), is a clinically meaningful manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS). The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a sensitive, validated measure of IPS widely used in MS research. While vascular and hemodynamic factors are increasingly recognized as contributors to cognitive performance in MS, their relationship with IPS across distinct physiologic challenges remains unexplored.