Депресивні розлади в пацієнтів із переддіабетом та цукровим діабетом 2 типу

Depressive disorders are common comorbidities in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes, significantly affecting patients’ quality of life, functional status, and disease management. The presence of depressive symptoms may exacerbate metabolic dysregulation, reduce adherence to treatment, and increase the risk of complications. Identifying factors associated with depression in patients with impaired glucose metabolism is essential for timely intervention and individualized patient care. Assessing depression using standardized tools, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), enables reliable evaluation of symptom severity and facilitates the identification of at-risk populations. Therefore, studying depressive symptoms in patients with T2DM and prediabetes is highly relevant for improving both psychological and metabolic outcomes. Objective to evaluate the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, and depressive–anxiety disorders, and to examine their associations with anthropometric and metabolic parameters, including body weight, body mass index (BMI), HbA1c, and HOMA-IR. Materials and methods. The study included 200 participants: 50 patients with T2DM, 50 patients with prediabetes, 50 patients with depressive–anxiety disorders, and 50 healthy controls. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the PHQ-9. Anthropometric measurements (weight, BMI), glycemic indices (HbA1c), HOMA-IR, serum 25(OH)D levels were recorded. Statistical analysis included Kruskal–Wallis tests for group comparisons, correlation analysis using Chaddock’s scale, and linear regression modeling to assess associations between PHQ-9 scores and metabolic parameters. Results. PHQ-9 were significantly higher in patients with T2DM, prediabetes, and depressive–anxiety disorders compared to controls (p<0.001). Moderate and moderately severe depression predominated in the T2DM and prediabetes groups, while all patients with depressive–anxiety disorders exhibited moderately severe depression. Weak positive correlations were observed between PHQ-9 and both weight (r=0.173; p=0.014) and BMI (r=0.209; p=0.003), whereas no significant associations were found with HbA1c or HOMA-IR. A significant inverse association was found between serum 25(OH)D levels and PHQ-9 scores (r=−0.586; p<0.001). Lower vitamin D levels were associated with greater depressive symptom severity, explaining 64.9% of the variance in PHQ-9. WHO-5 scores demonstrated a strong inverse correlation with HbA1c (r=−0.570; p<0.001), highlighting the link between well-being and glycemic control. Conclusions. Depressive symptoms are significantly more prevalent and severe in patients with T2DM, prediabetes than in healthy controls. Increased weight and BMI are weakly associated with higher PHQ-9 scores, while glycemic control and insulin resistance (HbA1c, HOMA-IR) showed no direct correlation with depression severity. These findings underscore the importance of routine screening for depressive symptoms and targeted interventions to improve psychological and metabolic outcomes in patients with impaired glucose metabolism.