Which Countries Require Travel Vaccines? Yellow Fever Entry Rules, Malaria Prevention, Vaccine Coverage and Cases from WHO International Travel and Health Data, with U.S. Travel Advisory Levels and Travel Vaccine Prices, 1980–2026

Under the International Health Regulations, yellow fever is the only vaccination a country may routinely require for entry. We parse the World Health Organization's International Travel and Health Country List and Annex 1 (2022 edition, revised January 2023) entry by entry and combine them with Global Health Observatory series, the U.S. travel advisory feed of September 2026 and published vaccine prices. Of 220 countries and territories, 119 (54.1%) required yellow fever proof from some travellers: 100 from arrivals from risk countries and 19, all but one in Africa, from every traveller. The share ranged from 92.0% of entries in the African region to 5.4% in Europe. Only 37 of the 119 were themselves among the 42 places at risk of transmission, and five at-risk places required nothing. Most thresholds were 1 year (61) or 9 months (54) of age, and 59 of 100 arrival-based rules counted transits of more than 12 hours. The list is dated: only 70 of 196 States Parties (36%) answered the 2022 survey, none of 47 in Africa, and 65.0% of entries were last confirmed in 2021 or 2022. Type C malaria prevention applied to 75 entries. Yellow fever vaccine coverage among 1-year-olds in countries at risk rose from 12% in 2000 to 53% in 2025, against an 80% target, while reported cases rose three years running to 631 in 2025, led by the Americas. In September 2026, 24 of 214 destinations were at U.S. advisory Level 4, including 7 of the 19 all-traveller yellow fever places. Proposed county clinic fees put a yellow fever dose at USD 222 and common vaccine sets at USD 287 to USD 994.