One health approaches to emerging infectious disease surveillance: A systematic review

Background

Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases frequently arise at interfaces connecting humans, domestic animals, wildlife, vectors, and shared environments. Conventional surveillance systems are commonly organized within sector-specific structures and may therefore fail to detect signals arising outside the human health system. One Health surveillance seeks to overcome this limitation by integrating epidemiological, veterinary, wildlife, vector, environmental, genomic, and increasingly digital data for earlier threat detection and coordinated response.The objective is to systematically examine One Health approaches used for emerging infectious disease surveillance, characterize the major surveillance models and technologies employed, evaluate their contribution to early warning and risk characterization, and identify recurrent barriers to operational integration. Materials and Methods: A systematic-review framework consistent with PRISMA 2020 was used. Eligible primary studies described an operational or evaluated surveillance approach incorporating at least two One Health domains—human, animal, vector, wildlife, or environmental health—and reported surveillance outputs, implementation outcomes, pathogen detection, risk characterization, or system performance. Purely conceptual articles, narrative reviews, single-sector surveillance studies without an integrative component, and studies without surveillance relevance were excluded. Because of substantial heterogeneity in pathogens, surveillance objectives, sampling strategies, technologies, and outcomes, findings were synthesized narratively.