Vaccine Cold Chain Performance Across Seven Provinces and Two Seasons in Nepal: Findings from a Nationwide Temperature Monitoring Study

Background

Maintaining vaccines at 2–8 °C from manufacture to administration is a prerequisite for potency, yet cold chain failures remain common in low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that every country conduct a temperature monitoring study (TMS) at least once every five years to identify and correct weaknesses in its vaccine supply chain. Nepal’s first national TMS was conducted in 2015–2016 and reported in 2018. The second was conducted seven years later, in 2025. We report its findings across both winter and summer seasons.