Measurement of Fastening Torque of Rod Securing Spinal Implant Screws

Background/Objectives: The mechanical performance of spinal instrumentation depends on appropriate fixation of rod-securing screws. Although manufacturer-recommended torque values and torque-limiting instruments are widely used in spinal surgery, the contribution of surgeon-related factors to manually applied tightening torque remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to quantify the magnitude and variability of tightening torque applied by spine surgeons and to investigate the influence of handling technique and surgeon orientation on torque generation.