Bile Biochemistry as a Therapeutic Target in Biliary Surgery: Disease-Specific Evidence and Clinical Limits

Background/Objectives: Bile acid therapies have expanded treatment options for cholestatic disease, but their relevance to biliary surgery depends on the diagnosis and endpoint. This critical narrative review examines where molecular evidence changes care and where surgical applications remain untested.

Methods

The existing synthesis was supplemented by targeted literature searches and regulatory checks completed on 20 September 2026. Studies were assessed by design, population, outcome, and applicability to surgical decisions.