Risk Factors Associated with Spinal Cord Stimulation Failure in Patients with Chronic Pain: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

Background/Objectives: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can provide long-term relief for selected patients with refractory chronic pain, but treatment failure may occur without device explantation. This study examined patient-, clinical-, and device-related factors associated with SCS failure after permanent implantation.

Methods