Lycium barbarum polysaccharides alleviate cadmium-induced renal injury in ducks by activating the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense pathway

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental contaminant related to renal immunosuppression and metabolic dysfunction. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are active extracts of wolfberry and possess a variety of excellent properties. However, the specific mechanism of action for Cd and LBP remain unclear. In the present study, Shaoxing ducks were used to establish an in vivo model to elucidate the effects of combined Cd and LBP exposure on the kidneys and the underlying mechanisms. The ducks were exposed to CdCl2 (50 mg/kg) and/or LBP (50 mg/kg) for 30 days. We observed that Cd exposure increased the kidney index and the levels of the renal function indicators CREA and UA. Further research revealed that Cd exposure caused histopathological damage and ultrastructural alterations. In addition, Cd accumulation induced oxidative stress by disrupting ionic homeostasis and inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense pathway. Finally, we found that Cd promoted lipid accumulation, disrupted lipid metabolism, and thereby induced renal immunosuppression. Notably, LBP effectively alleviated Cd-induced renal injury, suggesting beneficial effects against Cd-triggered nephrotoxicity.