Chronic renal disease detection developments with future potential to improve veterinary clinical practice

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major global human and veterinary health concern. Novel blood and urine biomarkers currently offer significant opportunities to advance early diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical outcomes. Adopting a translational medicine approach, we summarise research performed to date on CKD biomarkers in humans and relate these findings to companion animal CKD biomarker research. Emerging candidates, including microRNAs and multiprotein measurements for diagnostic signatures, are also considered. We discuss the potential complementarity offered by multi-omic approaches and Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven diagnostic algorithm generation for the understanding of CKD pathogenesis in dogs and cats.