Clinical Optometry
Real World Axial Elongation in Children Wearing Diversified Segmental Defocus Optimization Spectacle Lenses: A Longitudinal Cohort Study with External Benchmarks
By Shuo Wu, Sitong Chen and Kai Wang.
Abstract
Purpose
To describe longitudinal axial elongation in children wearing spectacle lenses incorporating Diversified Segmental Defocus Optimization (D.S.D.O.) technology in routine clinical practice and to place the observed change in context using two historical external benchmarks.
Methods
This retrospective cohort included first time D.S.D.O. spectacle lens users with no documented prior myopia control lens wear and bilateral follow up of at least 12 months. Repeated axial length measurements from March 2022 through July 2026 underwent prespecified longitudinal quality control. The primary mixed effects model adjusted for age, sex, baseline axial length, baseline spherical equivalent, and any recorded atropine use. Sensitivity analyses addressed cycloplegic refraction, quality control exclusions, delay between lens initiation and baseline measurement, missing baseline refraction, and longitudinal covariance. External benchmarks used a Chinese pediatric normative model and age updated piecewise axial elongation rates from two Hong Kong single vision spectacle cohorts.
