Critical review of the concept of drishti in ayurvedic samhitas with reference to modern science

Ayurvedic classics describe five primary sense organs known as Pancha Gyanendriya, among which Chakshu (eye) is regarded as the most important, as it is responsible for vision (Drishti). Acharya Sushruta, has elaborately discussed the concept of Drishti in the Sushruta Samhita. The eye is described through various anatomical entities such as Mandala, Patala, Sandhi, Pesi, Sira, Marma, and Drishti, with special emphasis on six Netra Patalas, which can be correlated with the layers of the eye described in modern ophthalmology. The term Drishti is considered controversial in the context of Netra Roga due to its multiple interpretations. Rather than representing a single anatomical structure, Drishti may be understood as the functional unit of vision, constituted by the essential Dhatus of the internal eyeball. Ayurvedic scriptures provide a comprehensive description of both Netra Rachana Sharira and Netra Kriya Sharira, reflecting a holistic approach to ocular anatomy and physiology. With the increasing need to integrate Ayurvedic concepts with contemporary science, interpretation of classical terminologies in light of modern ocular anatomy is essential for better understanding of Drishtigata Rogas and their effective management.