Respiratory Bacterial Profiles and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Hospitalized Patients with COPD and Pneumonia in Almaty, Kazakhstan

Background

Effective empirical therapy and antimicrobial stewardship rely on up-to-date local data on respiratory pathogens and antimicrobial resistance trends. In Kazakhstan, contemporary microbiological surveillance remains limited, particularly for hospitalized patients with chronic pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia. This study aimed to characterize the microbial profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in respiratory specimens from these patient groups in Almaty, Kazakhstan.