A comparative analysis of cardiometabolic outcomes across different ketogenic diet regimens in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Nutritional interventions are pivotal in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, the ketogenic diet (KD) has garnered significant attention. This narrative review aimed to assess the impact of various KD variants on metabolic parameters in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM. The analysis focused on the effects of KD on glycemic control, weight loss, lipid profile, cardiovascular risk factors, kidney and liver function, and inflammatory markers. While the KD demonstrated superior outcomes in terms of weight reduction and glycemic control, the majority of cardiovascular and insulin-related parameters were comparable to those observed with the control diet, indicating that improvements may also result from a general shift towards healthier habits. In conclusion, KD may serve as a short-term therapeutic strategy for selected patients, but it necessitates careful monitoring of metabolic parameters and adjustment of pharmacotherapy. Further well-designed long-term studies are required to evaluate the sustainability and safety of the observed effects.