Navigating Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome: surgical insights into a complex vascular anomaly

Briefly introduce Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome (KTS), its rarity, and the need for a surgical review. State the aim of the review, for example: "To summarize the current evidence on the pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, surgical management, and emerging therapeutic strategies for Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome, with emphasis on recent advances in multidisciplinary care." Briefly describe the literature search strategy. For example: "A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2000 and 2025. Original articles, clinical trials, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and landmark publications relevant to KTS diagnosis, surgical management, and targeted therapies were included." Summarize the major findings, including the role of imaging, conservative management, minimally invasive interventions, surgery, and emerging targeted therapies (e.g., sirolimus and PI3K inhibitors). State the main clinical message, emphasizing individualized multidisciplinary management and the potential of molecularly targeted therapies to improve outcomes.