Chinese management guidelines for radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (2025 edition)

Radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RAIR-DTC) has become a challenge in clinical practice, particularly in China with a high incidence and undesirable survival outcome. Since the publication of first China consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of RAIR-DTC in 2019, significant and rapid advances have occurred in the field both in China and internationally. This guideline aims to inform Chinese clinicians, researchers, patients, and health policy makers on the latest evidence and recommendations, to further standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of RAIR-DTC.