A Self-Regenerating Mixed-Valence FeOx-TiO2 Nanoplatform for Mitochondrion-Targeted Triple-Modal Cancer Therapy

Purpose

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cancer therapy is limited by short ROS lifetime, restricted diffusion, and lack of subcellular targeting. Current approaches physically mix independent components, causing complexity and decoupled actions. To overcome these barriers, we developed a mitochondrion-targeted nanoplatform (FTDT) built on a FeOₓ-TiO2 composite core with intrinsic mixed-valence Fe2⁺/Fe3⁺ pairs. The FT core acts as photosensitizer, while FeOₓ provides catalase- and peroxidase-like activities, integrating self-oxygenation, antioxidant depletion, self-amplifying redox cycling, photosensitization, photothermal conversion, and organelle anchoring into a single entity.