NMDAR subunit GluN1 dynamics in urinary astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in anti-NMDAR encephalitis

Background and objectives: Longitudinal measurement in vivo of molecular changes in the central nervous system (CNS) is important to investigate and guide treatment of rapidly changing neurological diseases. Here, we show how a novel protocol for urinary astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (uADEVs) can be used non-invasively to track the dynamic trajectory of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit GluN1 in a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.