Patients with cyclops syndrome exhibit elevated synovial fluid interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels and disorganized collagen remodelling within the lesion: A histological and molecular study

Purpose

Cyclops syndrome is a clinically relevant complication of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction characterized by the formation of a fibrotic nodule (cyclops lesion) that causes extension loss and often requires a revision surgery. Biological mechanisms underlying lesion formation remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to characterize the tissue architecture, cellular composition, inflammatory profile and single-cell cytokine secretion patterns of patient-derived biopsies to gain mechanistic insight into disease pathogenesis.