Effect of local melatonin application on immediately placed implants in maxillary premolars (a biochemical and radiographic randomized controlled clinical trial)

Melatonin, a potent antioxidant and bone-regulating hormone, promotes osteoblastic activity and inhibits osteoclastic differentiation primarily through upregulation of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and suppression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) pathway. Given its dual osteogenic and antiresorptive effects, melatonin may enhance bone remodelling around immediately placed implants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of locally applied melatonin on peri-implant bone remodelling by assessing changes in OPG levels and radiographic bone parameters over time.