Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Therapy for Neuromycoses

Background

Neuromycoses, fungal infections affecting the central nervous system (CNS), cause approximately 112,000 deaths annually, representing 19% of AIDS-related deaths globally. Conventional antifungal drugs are limited by poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, systemic toxicity, and increasing drug resistance. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as promising vehicles for enhancing antifungal efficacy while modulating immune responses. Thus, this comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on LNPs as vehicles for antifungal immune modulators, including their design principles, drug delivery mechanisms, physiological interactions, translational potential, and roadmap for next-generation precision medicine approaches to treating neuromycoses.