Standardized antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Somaliland: A hospital-based baseline evaluation using CLSI M39 and WHONET

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance remains limited across the Horn of Africa because of constrained laboratory infrastructure and fragmented microbiological reporting systems. This study established the first hospital-based cumulative antibiogram in Somaliland using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M39-A4 methodology and WHONET software to provide a baseline surveillance model for resource-limited healthcare settings.