Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Hemorrhagic Presentation in Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: A Systematic Review With Exploratory Quantitative Synthesis

Background

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) carry a significant risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), yet most literature has focused on angiographic features as predictors. The influence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, dyslipidemia, obesity, and use of antithrombotic/anticoagulant agents on hemorrhagic presentation or follow-up outcomes remains largely unexplored.