Oral microbiome alterations in individuals with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review

To systematically evaluate associations between glycemic control and oral microbial findings in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), distinguishing targeted detection of selected taxa from comprehensive oral microbiome profiling.

A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was conducted from database inception to June 2025 in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO. Human studies investigating the relationship between glycemic control and the oral microbiome in individuals with T1DM were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. Due to substantial methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesized qualitatively.