Factors Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Objectives: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an uncommon but clinically important manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We aimed to identify factors associated with SLE-ILD, evaluate factors associated with clinical outcomes in established disease, and quantitatively synthesize comparable data. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception through July 2026. English-language observational studies of adults with SLE reporting factors associated with ILD occurrence or outcomes in established SLE-ILD were eligible. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted when at least three studies reported comparable data.