Sympathomimetic-like Agent

Modafinil

Approved 27 Sept 2012OralTablet

The FDA lists this product in 26 strengths and forms.

Indications

Modafinil tablets, USP are indicated to improve wakefulness in adult patients with excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), or shift work disorder (SWD). Limitations of Use In OSA, modafinil tablets, USP are indicated to treat excessive sleepiness and not as treatment for the underlying obstruction. If continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the treatment of choice for a patient, a maximal effort to treat with CPAP for an adequate period of time should be made prior to initiating and during treatment with modafinil tablets, USP for excessive sleepiness.

Contraindications

Modafinil tablets are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to modafinil or armodafinil or its inactive ingredients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1 , 5.2 , 5.3) ] . Modafinil tablets are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to modafinil or armodafinil. (4)

Warnings and precautions

Serious Rash, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome: Discontinue modafinil at the first sign of rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug-related. (5.1)
Angioedema and Anaphylaxis Reactions: If suspected, discontinue modafinil. (5.2)
Multi-organ Hypersensitivity Reactions: If suspected, discontinue modafinil. (5.3)
Persistent Sleepiness: Assess patients frequently for degree of sleepiness and, if appropriate, advise patients to avoid driving or engaging in any other potentially dangerous activity. (5.4)
Psychiatric Symptoms: Use caution in patients with a history of psychosis, depression, or mania. Consider discontinuing modafinil if psychiatric symptoms develop. (5.5)
Known Cardiovascular Disease: Consider increased monitoring. (5.7)

5.1Serious

Rash, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome Serious rash requiring hospitalization and discontinuation of treatment has been reported in association with the use of modafinil. In clinical trials of modafinil, the incidence of rash resulting in discontinuation was approximately 0.8% (13 per 1,585) in pediatric patients (age <17 years); these rashes included 1 case of possible Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and 1 case of apparent multi-organ hypersensitivity reaction.

At a glance

Brand name: Modafinil
Pharmacologic class: Sympathomimetic-like Agent
Route: Oral
Dosage form: Tablet
Applicant: Aurobindo Pharma LTD
Status: Prescription
FDA approval: 27 Sept 2012
Application: ANDA202566-002

Indications

Warnings and precautions

Serious Rash, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome: Discontinue modafinil at the first sign of rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug-related. (5.1)
Angioedema and Anaphylaxis Reactions: If suspected, discontinue modafinil. (5.2)
Multi-organ Hypersensitivity Reactions: If suspected, discontinue modafinil. (5.3)
Persistent Sleepiness: Assess patients frequently for degree of sleepiness and, if appropriate, advise patients to avoid driving or engaging in any other potentially dangerous activity. (5.4)
Psychiatric Symptoms: Use caution in patients with a history of psychosis, depression, or mania. Consider discontinuing modafinil if psychiatric symptoms develop. (5.5)
Known Cardiovascular Disease: Consider increased monitoring. (5.7)

5.1Serious

Interactions

Effects of Modafinil on CYP3A4/5 Substrates The clearance of drugs that are substrates for CYP3A4/5 (e.g., steroidal contraceptives, cyclosporine, midazolam, and triazolam) may be increased by modafinil via induction of metabolic enzymes, which results in lower systemic exposure. Dosage adjustment of these drugs should be considered when these drugs are used concomitantly with modafinil [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] .

The effectiveness of steroidal contraceptives may be reduced when used with modafinil and for one month after discontinuation of therapy. Alternative or concomitant methods of contraception are recommended for patients taking steroidal contraceptives (e.g., ethinyl estradiol) when treated concomitantly with modafinil and for one month after discontinuation of modafinil treatment. Blood levels of cyclosporine may be reduced when used with modafinil.

Monitoring of circulating cyclosporine concentrations and appropriate dosage adjustment for cyclosporine should be considered when used concomitantly with modafinil. Effects of Modafinil on CYP2C19 Substrates Elimination of drugs that are substrates for CYP2C19 (e.g., phenytoin, diazepam, propranolol, omeprazole, and clomipramine) may be prolonged by modafinil via inhibition of metabolic enzymes, with resultant higher systemic exposure.

In individuals deficient in the CYP2D6 enzyme, the levels of CYP2D6 substrates which have ancillary routes of elimination through CYP2C19, such as tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, may be increased by co-administration of modafinil. Dose adjustments of these drugs and other drugs that are substrates for CYP2C19 may be necessary when used concomitantly with modafinil [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] .

Warfarin More frequent monitoring of prothrombin times/INR should be considered whenever modafinil is coadministered with warfarin [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors Caution should be used when concomitantly administering MAO inhibitors and modafinil.

Steroidal contraceptives (e.g., ethinyl estradiol): Use alternative or concomitant methods of contraception while taking modafinil and for one month after discontinuation of modafinil treatment. (7)
Cyclosporine: Blood concentrations of cyclosporine may be reduced. (7)
CYP2C19 substrates, such as omeprazole, phenytoin, and diazepam: Exposure of these medications may be increased. (7)

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

8.1Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects Pregnancy Category C

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of modafinil in pregnant women. Intrauterine growth restriction and spontaneous abortion have been reported in association with modafinil (a mixture of R- and S-modafinil) and armodafinil (the R-enantiomer of modafinil). Although the pharmacology of modafinil is not identical to that of the sympathomimetic amines, it does share some pharmacologic properties with this class.

Certain of these drugs have been associated with intrauterine growth restriction and spontaneous abortions. Whether the cases reported with modafinil are drug-related is unknown. In studies of modafinil and armodafinil conducted in rats (modafinil, armodafinil) and rabbits (modafinil), developmental toxicity was observed at clinically relevant plasma exposures. Modafinil should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Modafinil (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day) administered orally to pregnant rats throughout organogenesis caused, in the absence of maternal toxicity, an increase in resorptions and an increased incidence of visceral and skeletal variations in the offspring at the highest dose tested. The higher no-effect dose for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rats (100 mg/kg/day) was associated with a plasma modafinil AUC less than that in humans at the recommended human dose (RHD) of modafinil (200 mg/day).

However, in a subsequent study of up to 480 mg/kg/day of modafinil, no adverse effects on embryofetal development were observed. Oral administration of armodafinil (60, 200, or 600 mg/kg/day) to pregnant rats throughout organogenesis resulted in increased incidences of fetal visceral and skeletal variations and decreased fetal body weight at the highest dose tested. The highest no-effect dose for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rats (200 mg/kg/day) was associated with a plasma armodafinil AUC less than that in humans at the RHD of modafinil.

Modafinil administered orally to pregnant rabbits throughout organogenesis at doses of up to 100 mg/kg/day had no effect on embryofetal development; however, the doses used were too low to adequately assess the effects of modafinil on embryofetal development. In a subsequent developmental toxicity study evaluating doses of 45, 90, and 180 mg/kg/day in pregnant rabbits, the incidences of fetal structural alterations and embryofetal death were increased at the highest dose.

The highest no-effect dose for developmental toxicity (100 mg/kg/day) was associated with a plasma modafinil AUC similar to that in humans at the RHD of modafinil. Modafinil administration to rats throughout gestation and lactation at oral doses of up to 200 mg/kg/day resulted in decreased viability in the offspring at doses greater than 20 mg/kg/day, a dose resulting in a plasma modafinil AUC less than that in humans at the RHD of modafinil.

No effects on postnatal developmental and neurobehavioral parameters were observed in surviving offspring.

Adverse reactions

The following serious adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling:

Serious Rash, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]
Angioedema and Anaphylaxis Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]
Multi-organ Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]
Persistent Sleepiness [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ]
Psychiatric Symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ]
Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machinery [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ]
Cardiovascular Events [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] Most common adverse reactions (≥5%): headache, nausea, nervousness, rhinitis, diarrhea, back pain, anxiety, insomnia, dizziness, and dyspepsia. (6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Rising Health, LLC at 1-833-395-6928 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Modafinil has been evaluated for safety in over 3,500 patients, of whom more than 2,000 patients with excessive sleepiness associated with OSA, SWD, and narcolepsy.

Most Common Adverse Reactions In placebo-controlled clinical trials, the most common adverse reactions (≥ 5%) associated with the use of modafinil more frequently than placebo-treated patients were headache, nausea, nervousness, rhinitis, diarrhea, back pain, anxiety, insomnia, dizziness, and dyspepsia. The adverse reaction profile was similar across these studies. Table 1 presents the adverse reactions that occurred at a rate of 1% or more and were more frequent in modafinil-treated patients than in placebo-treated patients in the placebo-controlled clinical trials.

Table 1. Adverse Reactions in Pooled Placebo-Controlled Trials* in Narcolepsy, OSA, and SWD * Adverse Reactions that occurred in ≥ 1% of modafinil-treated patients (either 200, 300, or 400 mg once daily) and greater incidence than placebo Modafinil (%) (n = 934) Placebo (%) (n = 567) Headache Nausea Nervousness Rhinitis Back Pain Diarrhea Anxiety Dizziness Dyspepsia Insomnia Anorexia Dry Mouth Pharyngitis Chest Pain Hypertension Abnormal Liver Function Constipation Depression Palpitation Paresthesia Somnolence Tachycardia Vasodilatation Abnormal Vision Agitation Asthma Chills Confusion Dyskinesia Edema Emotional Lability Eosinophilia Epistaxis Flatulence Hyperkinesia Hypertonia Mouth Ulceration Sweating Taste Perversion Thirst Tremor Urine Abnormality Vertigo 34 11 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 3 3 6 5 5 1 4 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dose-Dependent Adverse Reactions In the placebo-controlled clinical trials which compared doses of 200, 300, and 400 mg/day of modafinil and placebo, the following adverse reactions were dose related: headache and anxiety.

Adverse Reactions Resulting in Discontinuation of Treatment In placebo-controlled clinical trials, 74 of the 934 patients (8%) who received modafinil discontinued due to an adverse reaction compared to 3% of patients that received placebo. The most frequent reasons for discontinuation that occurred at a higher rate for modafinil than placebo patients were headache (2%), nausea, anxiety, dizziness, insomnia, chest pain, and nervousness (each <1%).

Laboratory Abnormalities Clinical chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis parameters were monitored in the studies. Mean plasma levels of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were found to be higher following administration of modafinil, but not placebo. Few patients, however, had GGT or AP elevations outside of the normal range. Shifts to higher, but not clinically significantly abnormal, GGT and AP values appeared to increase with time in the population treated with modafinil in the placebo-controlled clinical trials.

No differences were apparent in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, albumin, or total bilirubin.

6.2Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of modafinil. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Hematologic: agranulocytosis Psychiatric disorders: psychomotor hyperactivity

Modafinil

Indications

Contraindications

Warnings and precautions

5.1Serious

At a glance

Two medicines in one question?

Modafinil

Indications

Contraindications

Warnings and precautions

5.1Serious

At a glance

Two medicines in one question?

5.2Angioedema and Anaphylaxis Reactions Angioedema

5.3Multi-organ Hypersensitivity Reactions

5.4Persistent Sleepiness Patients

5.5Psychiatric Symptoms

5.6Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machinery

5.7Cardiovascular Events

Interactions

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

8.1Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects Pregnancy Category C

Adverse reactions

6.1Clinical Trials Experience

6.2Postmarketing Experience

Composition

Strengths and forms

Official product information