The added value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to BI-RADS in the evaluation of breast lesions presenting with pathological nipple discharge

Background

Pathological nipple discharge (PND) is a frequent presentation in breast clinics, yet its accurate differentiation between benign and malignant lesions remains difficult due to the inherent limitations of current imaging tools. There is still a lack of a practical, non‑invasive approach that incorporates contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features with the conventional Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) to improve the diagnostic yield. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic performance of a rerated BI-RADS system combining ultrasound (US) and CEUS versus US BI-RADS alone for breast lesions causing PND.