Role of Triceps Muscle Fiber-Specific Myokines in Pancreatic β-Cell Protection: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review

Background and aims: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major global health challenge, primarily driven by insulin resistance and progressive β-cell dysfunction aggravated by chronic low-grade inflammation. Skeletal muscle has emerged as a pivotal endocrine organ through the secretion of myokines, which exert systemic metabolic and immunomodulatory effects.

Methods

This narrative review was conducted through systematic database searches (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) using predefined keywords related to myokines, type 2 diabetes, β-cell survival, and triceps brachii. Publications from 2010 to 2025 were included based on scientific relevance and thematic suitability.