Effects of nutritional intervention on insulin resistance-associated inflammatory biomarkers and gene polymorphisms in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Background: Insulin resistance is a central biochemical abnormality in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and is closely linked to chronic low-grade inflammation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines, including tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and adiponectin (APN), play key roles in metabolic dysregulation during pregnancy. This study investigated the effects of nutritional intervention on insulin resistance-related inflammatory biomarkers and their gene polymorphisms in pregnant women with GDM.

Methods: In this retrospective comparative cohort study, 400 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM at Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center between October 2023 and December 2024 were enrolled and assigned to a conventional treatment group (CT, n = 200) or a nutritional intervention group (NC, n = 200). Both groups received standard glycemic management, while the NC group additionally underwent individualized nutritional intervention. Serum levels of TNF-a, IL-6, and APN were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymorphisms of the corresponding genes were analyzed using fluorescence quantitative PCR. Glycemic and lipid parameters were evaluated concurrently. Clinical efficacy and pregnancy outcomes were assessed as secondary endpoints.