Real-time in vivo optical imaging of glioma with confocal laser endomicroscopy in a murine model: comparative analysis of performance of indocyanine green and fluorescein sodium

Objective

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) enables real-time, cellular-resolution optical biopsies during surgery. Although fluorescein sodium (FNa)-based CLE has been studied extensively, few studies have examined near-infrared (NIR) CLE imaging using indocyanine green (ICG) in brain tumor models. This study compared NIR CLE imaging using intravenous or topical ICG with blue laser CLE using FNa in a mouse glioma model.