Differential Impact of Maternal Versus Paternal Coronary Artery Disease History on Cardiac Function and Angiographic Severity in Offspring: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background

Parental history is an established risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), but the relative effects of maternal and paternal history on disease severity and cardiac function remain unclear, particularly in South Asian populations. This study compared maternal and paternal CAD history in relation to angiographic severity and left ventricular systolic function. Methodology: This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 250 consecutive adults undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan, from October 2025 to March 2026. Participants were classified as having paternal history only (n=65), maternal history only (n=45), both parents affected (n=24), or no parental history (n=116). CAD severity was assessed using the Gensini score, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for conventional cardiovascular risk factors.