Oral Obesity Medicines in the Era of Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Syndrome (CKM): Beyond Weight Loss Toward Disease Modification

Abdulhameed Alhazmi,1,2 Carel W Le Roux2,31Internal Medicine, Jazan University Medical City, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 2Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; 3Diabetes Research Centre, Ulster University, Coleraine, UKCorrespondence: Abdulhameed Alhazmi, Internal Medicine, Jazan University Medical City, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, Email Abdulalhazmimd@gmail.comAbstract: Obesity is a major driver of Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic (CKM) syndrome and contributes to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, and type 2 diabetes. Historically, oral obesity pharmacotherapy was evaluated primarily according to weight loss efficacy. However, the emergence of the CKM framework has shifted therapeutic priorities toward modifying obesity related complications and improving long term clinical outcomes. This review summarizes currently approved oral obesity medications, including first generation agents (orlistat, phentermine/topiramate, and naltrexone/bupropion) and second generation incretin-based therapies (oral semaglutide and orforglipron), within the context of CKM syndrome. First generation agents provide modest-to-moderate weight loss and variable metabolic benefits, but evidence supporting cardiovascular or kidney outcome improvement remains limited and largely observational. In contrast, oral incretin-based therapies demonstrate broader effects across the CKM spectrum, including substantial weight reduction, improved glycemic control, favorable effects on blood pressure and triglycerides, and emerging kidney benefits. Among currently available oral agents, oral semaglutide has the strongest evidence, with the SOUL trial demonstrating a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals with type 2 diabetes. Signals suggesting benefits in heart failure and atrial fibrillation are encouraging but remain exploratory. Orforglipron represents the first non-peptide oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist and offers simplified administration with promising metabolic efficacy; however, cardiovascular, kidney, heart failure, and arrhythmia outcome data are still awaited. Collectively, the role of oral obesity pharmacotherapy is evolving from weight management alone toward comprehensive CKM care.Keywords: cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome, CKM, obesity pharmacotherapy, oral semaglutide, orforglipron, obesity