Trauma maxilofacial para cirujanos generales: Una revisión sistemática

Introduction. Maxillofacial trauma can become life-threatening due to airway compromise or massive hemorrhage, as well as associated injuries. The objective of this article was to provide general and trauma surgeons with an overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these injuries in settings where a maxillofacial surgeon is not always available. Methods. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane, covering publications from 1970 to 2024 regarding etiology, diagnostic imaging, and therapeutic strategies for adult patients with maxillofacial trauma. Results. A decline has been observed in traffic accidents as the primary cause of maxillofacial trauma in developed countries, where injuries resulting from falls in the geriatric population and those involving personal mobility devices are now more prevalent. Maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) is confirmed as essential for accurate diagnosis. The principles of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS®) must be followed, and surgical airway access may be required. Angioembolization is emerging as the solution for refractory oronasal hemorrhage. Advanced age is highlighted as a predictor for conservative management, whereas open reduction with internal fixation remains the gold standard for surgical treatment. Conclusions. Success in the management of maxillofacial trauma depends on stabilization according to ATLS® principles, diagnosis via high-resolution CT, and a therapeutic strategy that prioritizes the preservation of function and aesthetic outcomes.