Life-Course Cardiovascular Health: Developmental Influences, Congenital Heart Disease And Long-Term Systemic Outcomes

Background

Cardiovascular health develops across the life course and may be influenced by conditions acting before birth, congenital cardiac anatomy, altered ventricular loading, surgical palliation, and environmental exposures. The supplied literature describes overlapping pathways involving endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, abnormal hemodynamics, autonomic imbalance, and chronic venous congestion.