First-trimester MIRNA-210, adma, and uterine artery doppler for preeclampsia prediction and prevention in IVF pregnancies following programmed frozen embryo transfer

Programmed frozen embryo transfer (FET) without a corpus luteum may impair vascular adaptation and increase the risk of preeclampsia [1,2]. Recent evidence indicates that the absence of a corpus luteum in programmed FET may be associated with a higher risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, while natural ovulation regimens appear to have a more favorable obstetric risk profile [1,2]. Reliable early predictors and targeted prevention remain limited. Circulating miRNA-210 has been proposed as a potential biomarker of placental hypoxia and preeclampsia [3], while asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) reflects endothelial nitric oxide pathway dysfunction and has shown potential for early prediction of preeclampsia [4]. First-trimester uterine artery Doppler indices may additionally improve risk stratification when combined with biochemical biomarkers [5,6].