Associations between Atrial Fibrillation and Bone Mineral Density at Different Sites: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Background

Observational studies have suggested that anti-osteoporosis therapies may increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF); however, whether bone mineral density (BMD) itself exerts a causal effect on AF remains unclear. This study systematically investigated the univariable causal relationship between AF and BMD at different skeletal sites, including the femoral neck, lumbar spine, forearm, and total body, to clarify the relationship between bone status and AF risk.