Carbon Emission Calculation in Hemodialysis Patients Using a Carbon Footprint Calculator: A Multicenter Observational Study

Background

Haemodialysis is a resource-intensive treatment associated with greenhouse-gas emissions from repeated treatment delivery, transportation, household energy use, diet and waste. Patient-level carbon-emission data from India remain limited. This study assessed carbon emissions associated with maintenance haemodialysis across centres in Telangana, India.